Windows-10: Power of ten

Windows 10 version of windows-xp and 7, but this version is modern and mixed of all version. At this time there are more than 2 lakh user of windows so they use build up the capacity of searching and optimising the PC and computer. Some time ago Microsoft launches the window version of 8 and 8.1 but these are not as succeed as they think, because in this version there are start and shut down key are hidden and at the desktop there are so many task are showing. So the Microsoft launches the windows 10 version.

Windows 10 are build up at the threshold  operation. In this version we connect all smart-phone , tab, and other gadgets at same the time and we could use all. In this version if we work on PC or computer that time we also use the same file at other device which is connect to the that PC or computer.

The 10 features of windows-10

1. Start up menu:- In this version this menu shows in square box and two panels are open at the same time and in panels user download different types of application.
2. Universal search:- To click the start menu, open the search bar and when we search any file or thing , that search not only in pc or compute but it also search in web.
3. Snap View:- In this version microsoft added this features. in this features we improve the quality of picture and multitasking.
4. Multiple Desktop:-In Window 10 user can create one or more than one desktop and they use it at the same time. 
5. One OS:-Window 10 , this is the one operating system which we use in many device with different platform.That means we use it in desktop, laptop, fablat, smartphone etc.
6. Fileexplorer:-In this version we search any file faster and in the fileexplorer we see the resent file and open the resent file as possible as.
7. Touch, Keyboard, Mouse:-In this version touch , keyboard and mouse are working together with very accurately.
8. Replace windows phone:-Next generation of windows phone working on windows 10, but its desktop mode is not used in feature phone.
9. Touchy feel:-This version is work on touchscreen features. when you slip the lift then attracts you big size of touch friendly key.
10. Task View Key:-In the task bar, by The new task view button you work on the that file and switch to another desktop file.

6 skills every successful entrepreneur must learn

6 skills every successful entrepreneur must learn

Entrepreneurs are made, not born. Entrepreneurship requires all-encompassing skills and abilities that other occupations do not even touch upon. Engineers draft plans for a new project, then pass the designs to others who will make it a reality. But for an entrepreneur, it’s different. Every aspect of a new venture lies in the hands of the entrepreneur.
 They need to know everything about the business and take the roll as a visionary, project manager, salesperson and more. This doesn’t mean that all entrepreneurs need to get an MBA to learn these skills.  In fact, a majority didn’t even have entrepreneurial aspirations while attending school. Here are six attributes that every entrepreneur must learn along the journey to success.

 1. Embrace failure Entrepreneurs will fail — 
This more times than they will care to count. They accept failure as a learning opportunity and forge ahead. A team of researchers from Duke University and the University of Southern California surveryed 549 successful company founders. These entrepreneurs listed their ability to learn from previous failures an important factor in their success. Catastrophes happen, disappointments are part of regular activities and the faster entrepreneurs can accept it and move past it, the better they will be at learning from their mistakes. Reaching overnight success is rare. Many people aim for instant success because they hear about it in the media and they believe that all it takes is money and the desire to put up a business. What they often fail to realize is that other’s success came from failures and lessons learned 10 years before. Entrepreneurs know how to pause along the way and take steps to make a strategy. The successful ones have done their due diligence. They’ve worked hard and learned valuable lessons from failures that helped them on their way to the top. Entrepreneurs are resilient. They keep going when the outlook is bleak.  They sail a ship through the ups and downs of a business storm. They have a vision and they will continue until that vision becomes a reality.

 2. Masters of delegation
Ideas don’t build a business, people do. Entrepreneurs cannot run a successful company alone. It is essential to know how to empower others to join their vision. The entrepreneur has to give up some control and put their efforts in building other people’s skills if they want to build a scalable company. Delegating is a skill in itself. The entrepreneur needs to work on the essentials while passing on tasks that others can complete. Being able to motivate other people towards your vision will bring rewards to the whole organization. Even big-time entrepreneurs like Mark Zuckerberg had to learn effective management. No matter how cool his Facebook innovation was, it wouldn’t have gone anywhere if he did not learnt how to be an effective manager. Getting things done and making things happen is all about setting the right goals, determining the best way to achieve them, and getting everyone to execute it flawlessly. How do entrepreneurs accomplish this? Entrepreneurs are able to sell their vision and motivate others to work towards their goal

. 
3. Invest in people
Entrepreneurs know the value of networking and mentorship. They invest their time and money in people. Building professional networks and surrounding themselves with people of the same mindset will go a long way in helping make their goals a reality. Entrepreneurs acknowledge the importance of seeking mentorship to help guide them along their business journey. Research has demonstrated a stong connection between knowing and being an entrepreneur. In a survey of 2000 Americans by the Kauffman Foundation, 37.8% of respondents who knew an entrepreneur were entrepreneurs themselves. Entrepreneurs also take the time to mentor other people. The time and effort that they spend on developing someone else’s skills will eventually pay off in the long term. Entrepreneurs must leverage employees and other resources in order to build a scalable company. They learn to network effectively and meet the right people.

4. Have a finishing formula 
Entrepreneurs are driven to finish what they start. They have laser focus on the steps required to reach their goals. There are plenty of distractions along the way, but they build a system and formulate plans to complete tasks. Entrepreneurial leaders don’t have someone behind their shoulder telling them what to do next.  They find a system that works for them whether that is a to-do list or an agenda. Entrepreneurs know time is a finite resource so they take the time to prioritize.  Oftentimes, there are multiple tasks that need to be accomplished and not enough time to do it, but the most successful entrepreneurs have mastered the art of juggling. They tend to work on the most important things before they tackle anything else on their long list.  Without the entrepreneur shepherding the business in the right direction, the business will fail.

 5. Learning doesn’t end in school 
Entrepreneurs are ‘jacks of all trades, but masters of none.’ In his book Outliers, Malcolm Gladwell has popularized the idea of 10,000 hours of practice needed to attain mastery in a field. The time an entrepreneur spends running a company makes it hard for them to become an expert in a certain field. Entrepreneurs don’t have to be experts, but they do need a wide range of skills. They have to know a little bit of everything in order to make their vision a reality. It is infinitely easier to get a project off the ground with a well rounded skill set. Entrepreneurs have a well rounded understanding of their industry. They are financially literate, know what’s going on in operations, and know their customers. The list seems endless. With a constant stream of disruptive innovation entering the market, entrepreneurs need to be aware of any industry changes and they have to be ready to pivot their business models when a new product or service renders the old business model obsolete.

 6. Follow their intuition
Entrepreneurs don’t have all the answers. Half of the time, they don’t have the time to figure out all the answers before making a big business decision. An entrepreneur relies on their ‘gut instinct’ in these circumstances. Ninty-eight percent of company founders surveyed by the Kauffman Foundation identified lack of willingness or ability to take risks as a common barrier to entrepreneurial success. Only the entrepreneurs who are able to practice and hone these risk taking instincts will be truly successful. One of the greatest and most famous entrepreneurs of our time, Steve Jobs, said that having a great instinct was one of the reasons for his success and business acumen. Going with that entrepreneurs ‘gut-feeling’ regarding hiring people to help build the business is essential, especially in the early days of the business. A person may look good on paper, but knowing how to tell if that person will live up to the written hype will spell the difference between success and failure. It’s important to note a person’s potential to grow along with the business and that can only be fortold with a strong intuition. Decisions will have to be made without complete data. Sometimes, entrepreneurs find themselves in new territory or off the beaten path where there is very little research to help back up their decisions. This is where that gut instinct becomes truly important. ... read more on yourstory.com

Journaling for Professional Development

Developing Yourself Through Reflection

All of this – and more – is possible when you keep a journal.Would you like to become a better communicator, develop self-awareness, build self-confidence, and learn quickly from mistakes, all with one simple, daily habit?

In this article, we'll explore what journaling can do for you, and we'll look at how you can fit this valuable habit into your schedule.

Why Journal?

You journal when you make a record of your thoughts, feelings, and experiences on a regular basis. Most people who journal write their experiences down, either on paper, or electronically; however some use other formats – for example, by keeping video or audio journals.

If you don't do it already, journaling might sound like a waste of effort; after all, it's just another thing that you need to fit into an already-busy schedule. However, you needn't spend long keeping your journal, and it helps you grow, professionally and personally.

One of the biggest benefits of journaling is that it gives you the opportunity to reflect on your experiences and learning Journaling helps you:

• Identify mistakes you've made, and reflect on how to avoid them in the future.
• Review learning, keeping information fresh in your mind.
• Develop critical thinking and problem-solving skills.
• Become more  emotionally mature.

Another advantage is that journaling helps you develove skills because you learn how to express your thoughts and feelings clearly, and you get to practice your writing skills more often.

Journaling also helps you deal with negative events more effectively. One key showed that people who used a journal to describe and analyze their emotions after a stressful event felt more positive about it in the long term.

Last, journaling helps you keep track of the progress you make towards your goal It's motivating and fulfilling to reflect on what you've achieved.

Examples

You can journal in many ways. Consider these examples:

• Lochland writes in his journal after attending training classes, to reflect on what he has learned in each session. He cements new concepts in his mind by writing about how he will use them with his team.
• Marissa writes in her journal each evening after work. She takes time to reflect on what she did well, and she thinks carefully about what she could have done better, especially when it comes to interactions with her team. The self-awareness she has developed through journaling has helped her to become more empathic with her team members. She has also become a much better listener.
• Edward has felt unfulfilled in his work for several years. A few months ago, he began writing a journal every morning to see if he could find new goaln his work. Edward can now reflect on the previous day and recognize how he made a difference for his customers and colleagues. Daily journaling has rekindled his motivation and enthusiasm.

How to Keep a Journal

Use the techniques below to start journaling.

Decide on a Format

You have several options when it comes to the format of your journal.

First, you can keep a paper journal. Many people find that the physical act of "putting pen to paper" encourages reflection. It's slow and measured, and it can be a valuable way to start or end your day.

Another option is to keep an electronic journal. This could be as simple as using a document on your computer, or making entries Or, you could use journaling apps likelife zone.

You could also consider writing a blog to record your experiences. However, keep in mind that, once published, anyone has access to your thoughts, feelings, and experiences. Avoid saying anything negative or damaging about your colleagues, clients, or organization. Or, set up your blog so that only you can access it.

Make it a Habit

Writing in your journal is a best habit But, like any habit, it takes time and  make it stick.

To get the most out of your journaling experience, aim to write at the same time every workday, ideally when you won't be interrupted. Some people enjoy journaling first thing in the morning or right before bed. You could also write in your journal during lunch, or in an afternoon break.

Pace Yourself

Remember, your daily journal entry doesn't have to be a novel!

Go slowly at first – write for five or 10 minutes, and then stop when you've had enough. Over time, you might find that you want to write for longer.

Also, don't amend what you write down – just let the words flow.

Reflect on Your Experiences

Effective journaling combines a clear narrative about recent events with deep thinking about what you have learned, and what behaviors, if any, you can change or improve.

To help you write your journal, think about the following questions:

• What has happened since you last journaled?
• What have you learned since your last entry? What mistakes have you made?
• What difficult or painful events have occurred?
• If you could repeat a recent event, what would you do differently, and why?

When you write, think carefully about the most important thing that's happened to you since you last wrote in your journal. Keep in mind that this event can be subtle.

For example, you might have pulled off a great presentation, but this isn't necessarily your most important event. It may be more important to note that you were upset with your assistant before the presentation, and that you said something that damaged his trust in you. This is the event you need to write about in detail, exploring why you were upset and why you were cross. Only then can you learn from the experience.

As well as this, it's important to write down any small that you've achieved. When you don't make a point of thinking about these, they might slip out of your memory. But it's important to reflect on them, so that you can boost your motivation and self-confidence.

Be Honest

Try not to "sugarcoat" your day as you write – be honest about what you thought, how you acted, or how a person or event made you feel.

You'll only learn from your experiences if you're honest about them.

Focus on Positives and Negatives

No matter how lousy your day was, try to reflect on at least one positive thing that happened. (It's great if you can think of three or five – this will help you become more optimistic.) What led to this positive event, and what did you learn?

If you can't identify a positive thing that happened, simply "count your blessings" by thinking about things that you're grateful for, such as your health, your skills, or your family. It's easy to take these things for granted, if you're having a bad time.

Keep Your Goals in Focus

Think about your long-term goal as you complete your journal entry.

What progress have you made since you last wrote in your journal, and what can you do next to make progress on your important goals?

You keep a journal when you record your thoughts, feelings, and experiences on a regular basis. It offers many benefits for your personal and professional growth.

To begin journaling, decide on a format, and find time in your day to write, so that you can make it a habit.

When you write in your journal, think critically about events that you've experienced, and write down what you've learned.

Also, be honest about your thoughts and feelings, try to identify at least one positive thing that happened in your day, and reflect on your goals.

How to write a good essay

How to write a good essay

It is my ambition to say in ten sentences what others say in a whole book.
-- Friedrich Neitzsche

What is an essay?
► An essay is a focused, descriptive and analytical write up on any particular topic. But this is different in format and presentation from any other kind of write up on the same topic.
► An essay is a tight write up which has a certain theme at its core and the write up is marked by its simplicity, lucidity, flow and orderliness.
► It should generally avoid terse and unwieldy expressions, unnecessary exposition and excessive facts, especially numbers.
► An essay is a write up that evolves from childhood to youth and thereafter to maturity.
► An essay should generally reflect the perceptions, understanding, and stance/take of the writer, which may be supported by facts, quotes and findings of similar kinds.

What an essay should not be...
► It should not be a mere compilation of information or facts.
► It should not be a long note.
► It should not be a brief note.
► It should not be a theoretical exposition.
► It should not be a conglomeration of great ideas by great people.

What constitutes a good essay?

A good essay should have three distinct parts-
► Introduction
► Description
► Conclusion

A good essay should be close to its subject or theme throughout the write up.

A good essay should reflect...
► Understanding of the writer
► Thoroughness of the writer
► Analytical capacity of the writer
► Research and analytical capability of the writer
► Reading habits of the writer

Essay needs a higher level of communication abilities viz.
► Articulation
► Effective expression
► Logic, flow and rhythm
► Right grammar
► Style

Brief Overview of 10 Essay Writing Steps

How to write a good Essay can be viewed sequentially, as if going through ten sequential steps in an essay writing process. Below are the brief summaries of each of the ten steps to writing a good essay.
1. Research: Begin the essay writing process by researching your topic, making yourself an expert. Utilize the internet, the academic databases, and the library. Take notes and immerse yourself in the words of great thinkers.
2. Analysis: Now that you have a good knowledge base, start analyzing the arguments of the essays/articles you're reading. Clearly define the claims, write out the reasons, the evidence, etc. Look for weaknesses of logic, and also strengths. Learning how to write an essay begins by learning how to analyze essays written by others.
3. Brainstorming: Your essay will require insight of your own. Ask yourself a dozen questions and answer them. Meditate with a pen in your hand. Take walks and think and think until you come up with original insights to write about.
4. Thesis: Pick your best idea and pin it down in a clear assertion that you can write your entire essay around. Your thesis is your main point, summed up in a concise sentence that lets the reader know where you're going, and why. It's practically impossible to write a good essay without a clear thesis.
5. Outline: Sketch out your essay before straight away writing it out. Use one-line sentences to describe paragraphs, and bullet points to describe what each paragraph will contain. Play with the essay's order. Map out the structure of your argument, and make sure each paragraph is unified.
6. Introduction: Now sit down and write the essay. The introduction should grab the reader's attention, set up the issue, and lead in to your thesis. Your intro is merely a build up of the issue, a stage of bringing your reader into the essay's argument.
(Note: The title and first paragraph are probably the most important elements in your essay. This is an essay-writing point that doesn't always sink in within the context of the classroom. In the first paragraph you either hook the reader's interest or lose it.)
7. Paragraphs: Each individual paragraph should be focused on a single idea that supports your thesis. Begin paragraphs with topic sentences, support assertions with evidence, and expound your ideas in the clearest, most sensible way you can. Speak to your reader as if he or she were sitting in front of you. In other words, instead of writing the essay, try talking the essay.
8. Conclusion: Gracefully exit your essay by making a quick wrap-up sentence, and then end on some memorable thought, perhaps a quotation, or an interesting twist of logic, or some call to action. Is there something you want the reader to walk away and do? Let him or her know exactly that.
9. Style: Format your essay according to the correct guidelines for citation. All borrowed ideas and quotations should be correctly cited in the body of your text, followed up with a Works Cited (references) page listing the details of your sources.
10. Language: You're not done writing your essay until you've polished your language by correcting the grammar, making sentences flow, incorporating rhythm, emphasis, adjusting the formality, giving it a level-headed tone, and making other intuitive edits. Proof read until it reads just how you want it to sound. Writing an essay can be tedious, but you don't want to bungle the hours of conceptual work you've put into writing your essay by leaving a few slippy misspellings and poorly worded phrases.

With great power comes greater responsibility and even greater scepticism

'Power', in simple terms, refers to the ability to influence decision making. Nehru and Mandela are two individuals who have set examples on how to wield and relinquish power responsibly.

“Power tends to corrupt, and absolute power corrupts absolutely. Great men are almost always bad men.” - John Emerich Edward Dalberg Acton, also known as Lord Acton, English historian and moralist of the 19th century

“All power corrupts, but some must govern.” -John le Carre, British ex-intelligence officer and novelist of the 20th century

The first is among the most quoted maxims in the zeitgeist of twentieth century geopolitics. The second makes a sober counterpoint to the first.

What exactly does ‘power’ mean? What kind of power is really necessary for an individual — and by extension a nation — to create a healthy self-image? And at what point does it cease to be a stimulant and metamorphose into an intoxicant?

With the collapse of the Eastern Bloc in the early 90s, ideology ceased to define the way countries spelt out different power equations. There was only one mantra, analysts said: free market capitalism, which they prescribed as the panacea for all difficulties. With the creation of a unipolar world order, the world, fed in no small amount by self-congratulatory pundits, came to believe that self-regulation, both in political and economic spheres, would create the ultimate check on power. The Ronald Reagan-Margaret Thatcher school of thoughts — favouring small state and big business — came to gain worldwide acceptance in the last decade of the century.

However, its limits were visible sooner than later. Imbroglios like the Asian currency crisis and then seemingly disparate events like the war on terror of the last decade; the ongoing great recession; and the endless winter in the aftermath of Arab Spring have all brought us to the realisation that unfettered power — be it political or economic — is as detrimental to a the well being of a nation as overregulation.

So is ‘power’ per se an anathema? How to define it in the first place? And how do stakeholders create a template for utilising it?

‘Power’, in simple terms, is the ability to influence other’s decisions. This applies not just in terms of ends, actual results, but also means, the thought processes that go into producing those ends.

In that sense, this piece, based on this research article published in Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, surely informs, educates and enlightens a keen layperson.

Andy J. Yap, Lecturer at MIT Sloan School of Management, conducted experiments at Columbia University to study some attributes associated with power equations in an organisational setup. He and his colleagues found that ‘feeling powerful’ or ‘powerless’ influenced not just our ability but also our perception of others. So, we have a tendency to evaluate the power of others relative to that of our own.

That sounds trite. But the next part of it is likely to raise a few eyebrows: feeling powerful makes us see others as less powerful. An individual’s sense of being powerful not just equates to others being powerless but also feeds on it.

Can this hypothesis find wider application? Can we apply it to the leaders we admire? To. democrats like Jawaharlal Nehru, who had power but chose to exercise very wisely? Or to Nelson Mandela who made good use of his power and relinquished it when he felt the time was ripe?

To take the point further, what stopped Jawaharlal Nehru from becoming a Lee Kuan Yew? Or, to make it more recent, what could have stopped Mandela from becoming a Robert Mugabe?

The piece quoted provides some answers. Joe Magee, a power researcher and professor of management at New York University, finds power more “freeing” rather than “corrupting”. He says power always helps one’s true self to emerge.

His stand is that handling power is more about the values cultivated before coming to power.

But what about checks and balances?

The research article was published in May. Six months later, Mugabe, at the age of 89, has won another round of elections in Zimbabwe. Mandela is no longer with us. And in June next year, it would be 50 years since India lost its first Prime Minister.

Syllabus for GATE 2015

1. ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING – EC

Engineering Mathematics

Linear Algebra: Matrix Algebra, Systems of linear equations, Eigen values and eigen vectors. Calculus: Mean value theorems, Theorems of integral calculus, Evaluation of definite and improper integrals, Partial Derivatives, Maxima and minima, Multiple integrals, Fourier series. Vector identities, Directional derivatives, Line, Surface and Volume integrals, Stokes, Gauss and Green's theorems. Differential equations: First order equation (linear and nonlinear), Higher order linear differential equations with constant coefficients, Method of variation of parameters, Cauchy's and Euler's equations, Initial and boundary value problems, Partial Differential Equations and variable separable method. Complex variables: Analytic functions, Cauchy's integral theorem and integral formula, Taylor's and Laurent' series, Residue theorem, solution integrals. Probability and Statistics: Sampling theorems, Conditional probability, Mean, median, mode and standard deviation, Random variables, Discrete and continuous distributions, Poisson, Normal and Binomial distribution, Correlation and regression analysis. Numerical Methods: Solutions of non-linear algebraic equations, single and multi-step methods for differential equations. Transform Theory: Fourier transform, Laplace transform, Z-transform.

GENERAL APTITUDE(GA):

Verbal Ability: English grammar, sentence completion, verbal analogies, word groups, instructions, critical reasoning and verbal deduction.

Electronics and Communication Engineering

Networks: Network graphs: matrices associated with graphs; incidence, fundamental cut set and fundamental circuit matrices. Solution methods: nodal and mesh analysis. Network theorems: superposition, Thevenin and Norton's maximum power transfer, Wye-Delta transformation. Steady state sinusoidal analysis using phasors. Linear constant coefficient differential equations; time domain analysis of simple RLC circuits, Solution of network equations using Laplace transform: frequency domain analysis of RLC circuits. 2-port network parameters: driving point and transfer functions. State equations for networks. Electronic Devices: Energy bands in silicon, intrinsic and extrinsic silicon. Carrier transport in silicon: diffusion current, drift current, mobility, and resistivity. Generation and recombination of carriers. p-n junction diode, Zener diode, tunnel diode, BJT, JFET, MOS capacitor, MOSFET, LED, p-I-n and avalanche photo diode, Basics of LASERs. Device technology: integrated circuits fabrication process, oxidation, diffusion, ion implantation, photolithography, n-tub, p-tub and twin-tub CMOS process. Analog Circuits: Small Signal Equivalent circuits of diodes, BJTs, MOSFETs and analog CMOS. Simple diode circuits, clipping, clamping, rectifier. Biasing and bias stability of transistor and FET amplifiers. Amplifiers: single-and multi-stage, differential and operational, feedback, and power. Frequency response of amplifiers. Simple op-amp circuits. Filters. Sinusoidal oscillators; criterion for oscillation; single-transistor and op-amp configurations. Function generators and wave-shaping circuits, 555 Timers. Power supplies. Digital circuits: Boolean algebra, minimization of Boolean functions; logic gates; digital IC families (DTL, TTL, ECL, MOS, CMOS). Combinatorial circuits: arithmetic circuits, code converters, multiplexers, decoders, PROMs and PLAs. Sequential circuits: latches and flip-flops, counters and shift-registers. Sample and hold circuits, ADCs, DACs. Semiconductor memories. Microprocessor(8085): architecture, programming, memory and I/O interfacing. Signals and Systems: Definitions and properties of Laplace transform, continuous-time and discrete-time Fourier series, continuous-time and discrete-time Fourier Transform, DFT and FFT, z-transform. Sampling theorem. Linear Time-Invariant (LTI) Systems: definitions and properties; causality, stability, impulse response, convolution, poles and zeros, parallel and cascade structure, frequency response, group delay, phase delay. Signal transmission through LTI systems. Control Systems: Basic control system components; block diagrammatic description, reduction of block diagrams. Open loop and closed loop (feedback) systems and stability analysis of these systems. Signal flow graphs and their use in determining transfer functions of systems; transient and steady state analysis of LTI control systems and frequency response. Tools and techniques for LTI control system analysis: root loci, Routh-Hurwitz criterion, Bode and Nyquist plots. Control system compensators: elements of lead and lag compensation, elements of Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) control. State variable representation and solution of state equation of LTI control systems. Communications: Random signals and noise: probability, random variables, probability density function, autocorrelation, power spectral density. Analog communication systems: amplitude and angle modulation and demodulation systems, spectral analysis of these operations, superheterodyne receivers; elements of hardware, realizations of analog communication systems; signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) calculations for amplitude modulation (AM) and frequency modulation (FM) for low noise conditions. Fundamentals of information theory and channel capacity theorem. Digital communication systems: pulse code modulation (PCM), differential pulse code modulation (DPCM), digital modulation schemes: amplitude, phase and frequency shift keying schemes (ASK, PSK, FSK), matched filter receivers, bandwidth consideration and probability of error calculations for these schemes. Basics of TDMA, FDMA and CDMA and GSM. Electromagnetics: Elements of vector calculus: divergence and curl; Gauss' and Stokes' theorems, Maxwell's equations: differential and integral forms. Wave equation, Poynting vector. Plane waves: propagation through various media; reflection and refraction; phase and group velocity; skin depth. Transmission lines: characteristic impedance; impedance transformation; Smith chart; impedance matching; S parameters, pulse excitation. Waveguides: modes in rectangular waveguides; boundary conditions; cut-off frequencies; dispersion relations. Basics of propagation in dielectric waveguide and optical fibers. Basics of Antennas: Dipole antennas; radiation pattern; antenna gain.

How Smart is yours Brain

A philosophical point of view, what makes the brain special in comparison to other organs is that it forms the physical structure associated with the mind.

The brain acts on the rest of the body both by generating patterns of muscle activity and by driving the secretion of chemicals called hormones. 

micro controoler 8051

Atmel AT89 series

An AT89c2051 microcontroller in circuit

The Atmel AT89 series is an Intel 8051-compatible family of 8 bit microcontrollers (µCs) manufactured by the Atmel Corporation.

Based on the Intel 8051 core, the AT89 series remains very popular as general purpose microcontrollers, due to their industry standard instruction set, and low unit cost. This allows a great amount of legacy code to be reused without modification in new applications. While considerably less powerful than the newer AT90 series of AVR RISC microcontrollers, new product development has continued with the AT89 series for the aforementioned advantages.

Of more recent times, the AT89 series has been augmented with 8051-cored special function microcontrollers, specifically in the areas of USB, I²C (two wire interface), SPI and CAN bus controllers, MP3 decoders and hardware PWM.

AT89 Series Microcontrollers

Device name		Data Memory
AT89C1051	1K Flash	64 RAM
AT89C2051	2K Flash	128 RAM
AT89C4051	4K Flash	128 RAM
AT89C51	4K Flash	128 RAM
AT89C52	8K Flash	256 RAM
AT89C55	20K Flash	256 RAM
AT89S8252	8K Flash	256 RAM
AT89S53	12K Flash	256 RAM

Port Structures and Operation

All four ports in the AT89C51 and AT89C52 are bidirectional.Each consists of a latch (Special Function Registers P0 through P3), an output driver, and an input buffer.The output drivers of Ports 0 and 2, and the input buffers of Port 0, are used in accesses to external memory. In this application, Port 0 outputs the low byte of the external memory address, time-multiplexed with the byte being written or read. Port 2 outputs the high byte of the external memory address when the address is 16 bits wide. Otherwise the Port 2 pins continue to emit the P2 SFR content. All the Port 3 pins, and two Port 1 pins (in the AT89C52)are multifunctional.The alternate functions can only be activated if the corresponding bit latch in the port SFR contains a 1. Otherwise the port pin is stuck at 0. It has less complex feature than other microprocessor.